Sectionalism 1820

Sectionalism 1820-1860 Essay The South ? low immigration, huge income disparity, replicated Medieval EuropeA.Cotton Kingdom ? 1788 ? South dying, overworked land, unmarketable productsa.Slavery increased ? Eli Whitney ? Cotton Gini.Increased labor also improved Northern shipping industryb.? cotton in world from the South, England 75% from Southi.England economy depended on Southern cottonB.Planter Aristocracy ? ?cottonocracy? ? oligarchy ? few control manya.Biggest planters controlled social, political, economic lifeb.Received finest education ? statesmen who served publici.Public education suffersc.Women bought into system ? controlled householdsC.Poor whites ? accepted system, dream of moving up, needed racial superiorityD.Scotch Irish ? Appalachian Mountains ? ?white trash? ? civilization ignoredE.Nature of Slaverya.One 20th century view ? slavery ending, owners paternalistic, blacks naturally inferior ? need to be taken care of1.Not true ? economically still expanding, not dying2.1954 Slavery compares to con centration camps3.Paternalistic ? selfish method just to get more labor4.Slaves fake ?Sambo? laziness as method of coping/rebelb.Black women must balance as white caregiver, laborer, family anchorThe North ? industry, manufacturing, heavy immigration ? urbanizedA. Immigration ? 95% came to the Northa. Irish ? NY/Boston ? low skilled labor ? left due to potato famineb. German ? left due to crop failures, democracy failure of 1848 revolution1. Midwest ? contributed gave US literature, kindergarten, Xmas treeThe West ? young attracted, adventurous opportunities ? life actually sucksA.Gradually destroyed land ? overworked, just moved on ? pushed out Indians, animalsB.Frontier ? belief that you can always start out fresh out WestC.More equality for women, supply and demand, they can leave if not treated properlyD.Squatters ? simply move to land, build house, claim property ? hard to kick off

Terrorism as a Serious Threat

Terrorism is without doubt the most addressed security threat of this century. The ensuing response to this threat by both the developed and developing countries raises many questions. Terrorism dates back to 66AD when the first terrorism-like incidences were first witnessed in Palestine.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism as a Serious Threat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, terrorism is not in way a new phenomenon. However, there have been disagreements over what really constitutes terrorism. This is because acts of terrorism and acts of war are often hard to distinguish. For instance, in the 1980s the United States’ government joined ranks with the Islamist group Mujahedeen when the group was battling the Soviet Army (Glassner, 1999). This group later transformed itself to the modern day Taliban. Currently, there are various threats to national security other than terrorism. Given the c urrent situation, it is often questioned whether terrorism is an actual serious threat to international and national security. This paper will argue that terrorism is just one security threat among other threats. Therefore, it is not a serious security threat to both national and international security. Terrorism is defined as the â€Å"threat of violence and use of fear to coerce, persuade, and gain public attention† (Williams, 2008). Given this definition of terrorism, it is important to investigate the perception of this threat. It is a fact that terrorists pose a threat to the United States. However, this is just a threat among other threats. These other threats can be defined using past statistics. In the United States, traffic accidents are the leading cause of non-violent deaths. The number of such deaths was over three hundred and eighty thousand in the period between 1999 and 2007.Advertising Looking for essay on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The leading cause of violent deaths during this same period was suicide followed by homicide both recording over a hundred thousand incidences each (Williams, 2008). The numbers for terrorism during this same period were less than three thousand. These numbers do not explain the position of terrorism as a leading security threat. Instead, they diminish the likelihood of terrorism being a serious security threat. The impact of terrorism on human lives is almost negligible compared to other causes of death. For example, homicides through firearms accounted for over one hundred thousand deaths. These statistics would prioritize the gun control issue over terrorism. Statistics indicate a pattern of exaggeration in regards to terrorism. According to records, there have been less than five terror incidences in the United States over the last twenty-five years. This is excluding incidences of â€Å"attempted† terrorist attacks. T hese statistics are further prove that the issue that has dominated the list of serious security threats is rarer than incidences of political assassinations. Those opposing this argument are of the view that the magnitude of terrorism is worth noting. For instance, the 2001 attack by Alqaeda caused over three thousand fatalities at once. This argument leans on the only one time this threat materialized. However, considering the time it took for this to happen, terrorism is not yet a serious threat. The other factor that is responsible for blowing the terrorism issue out of proportion is media coverage. For an issue to be considered serious, the media has to play an important role. For example, before media coverage was focused on the global warming issue nobody considered it a serious threat.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorism as a Serious Threat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The way this issue was co vered and the way terrorism is covered, represent two different approaches. When covering global warming, a lot of real and practical evidence is presented. However, media coverage on terrorism includes several imagined scenarios. For instance, whenever a suspected terrorist is arrested, the media accompanies this matter with bloody images that supposedly represent the terrorist’s intentions. The issue is then given undue media coverage. Analysts are brought in media houses to discuss whether the government is doing enough, whether the battle against terrorism can be won, and other exaggerated issues. The post 9/11 America is good example of what sensationalism can accomplish. Analysts have argued that â€Å"The Edge of Disaster† report did more harm than good (Abrams, 2006). It mislead many Americans, some as young as twelve years old into believing that the country was under siege. Later on, it became clear that the 2001 attacks were most likely an isolated incidence . There are those who believe that this coverage does not â€Å"sensationalize† but it â€Å"informs†. After two decades of intense media coverage of terrorism, the only party that seems to have benefited is that of the terrorists. Some of them have almost gained celebrity status as a result of this coverage. The media is one of the agents responsible for transforming terrorism into a â€Å"serious security threat†. Another way to prove that terrorism is not a serious threat is by investigating how politicians use this issue. Politicians only address the issue of terrorism in forums that are likely to increase their popularity. For instance, this issue has featured prominently in the last two American presidential elections.Advertising Looking for essay on homeland security? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, most of the issues raised by politicians are only meant to discredit their opponents. Accusations range from certain politicians being â€Å"soft on terror†, to others having the â€Å"pre/post 9/11 mentality†. Accusations like these are meant to give prominence to the terrorism issue. The United States instituted the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq using such politics. This distortion of facts can also be financially motivated. Some government agencies use politicians to push such agendas so that their departments can justify increased budgetary allocations. The same tactic is used by government contractors. For example, defense contractors may want to magnify this issue in order to gain more contracts (Wardlaw, 1982). This is why no one should be fooled into thinking terrorism is such a major threat. All one has to do is to read between the lines whenever the politicians are talking. Another reason why citizens are currently concerned with the terror threat is because the issue has found its way into their inner psychology. A recent study investigating how human brains process information revealed that human brains have the capacity to distort judgments. The brain can accomplish this by exaggerating the information that suggests the likelihood of a loss. Whenever this negativity is exaggerated, the gains of a particular issue tend to be ignored. This is one of the processes responsible for exaggerating the terrorism issue. Psychologists also suggest that posttraumatic stress can help exaggerate the terrorism issue. Due to the repeated display of the events of 9/11, most Americans might be suffering from posttraumatic stress syndrome. Therefore, they live in the fear that these events might reoccur. Unless this condition is treated, most of the affected people are likely to continue considering terrorism a security threat. Unbalanced media coverage, dishonest politicians, and psychological afflictions are all factors that aid in exagge rating the terrorism issue. Stakeholders should take initiatives that ensure that this minimum-risk issue is dealt with accordingly. If this is not done, countries will continue to misdirect their resources. The truth is that these resources could be used to mitigate real security threats. List of References Abrams, M. (2006). Why terrorism does not work. International Security, 31(2), 42-48. Glassner, B. (1999). The Culture of Fear. New York, NY: Basic Books. Wardlaw, G. (1982). Political Terrorism. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. Williams, P. (2008). Security Studies: An Introduction. Abingdon, CA: Routledge. This essay on Terrorism as a Serious Threat was written and submitted by user Brian Neal to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

International Politics free essay sample

An examination of international political events of the twentieth century through three different perspectives. This paper presents three perspectives which may help understand the international politics of the past century. These are realist, pluralist and globalist perspectives. Each theory is explained in detail and then compared to each other. Issues examined are the changes of forms of leadership, new types of governments and political systems and a discussion on the roots of wars and conflicts. Under the realist perspective, states are the principal actors in international relations. The realist assumes the existence of a unified, rational state, and this is the starting point for realist analysis. Realists assume that national security is the most important issue for a state, and states seek to maximize what they call national interest, or the likelihood that they will achieve the goals they have set (Viotti and Kauppi 33).

Who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth Essays

Who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth Essays Who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth Paper Who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth Paper Essay Topic: Law This report will look into how far the Latin maxim cuis est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos or he who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth still holds true today. Gray and Gray (2009) state that the Latin maxim traces back to medieval times when its meaning held true. However in modern property law, there is evidence to suggest this does not hold true today. In Bernstein of Leigh (Baron) v Skyviews General Ltd1, it was declared that the rights of the owner are limited to a height that is necessary for the owner to use and enjoy his/her land and above that height the owner of the land has no more right than any other ordinary person of the public. Today there are hot air balloons, aircrafts etc which makes it necessary to balance the rights of airspace between fee simple and the public. The Civil Aviation Act 1982, s 76, also reinforces the concept of how the owners airspace is now restricted to a lower level than it once was. Section 76 of the act restricts the fee simples right to sue aircraft in trespass or in nuisance providing the aircraft flies over the property at a reasonable height. The restriction imposed by the Civil Aviation Act 1982, s 76, states no action whatsoever shall prevail providing it the aircraft does not affect the fee simples ordinary use or enjoyment of his/her property. However Gray and Gray (2009) show that aerial trespass can result from low flying aircraft2. Hence the flying height of aircraft should abide by The Civil Aviation Act 1982, s 76. This is supported by Justice Douglas3 who stated, the landowner must have exclusive control of the immediate reaches of the enveloping atmosphere or buildings could not be erected, trees could not be planted and even fences could not be run. This part of the airspace is known as the lower stratum. Whereas in contrast Gray (1991) states that the upper stratum which is beyond the lower stratum is open to exploitation by all. However Gray (1991) gives rise to the example of People v. Cook4 where the Supreme Court of California recognised that the owner of the property in the lower stratum is open to invasion of privacy via inspection from those that may be passing the property in the upper stratum. Gray and Gray (2009) emphasise how the importance of visual trespass has become more important today. For example importance of privacy laws, the emerging law of harassment and ECHR Art 8(i) (the right to respect of his private and family life, his home and his correspondence) have made visual trespass a concern within the area of property law. This shows that although property is thought to be divided into layers. Although the lower layer belongs to the fee simple to a region up to where the owner can reasonably use it and enjoy it. This questions the vulnerability of the owners land to those above it. Hence if the fee simples property is vulnerable to those above it. It raises the question can any of it be said to truly be the owners if its privacy can be so easily compromised. However there is a counter-argument which challenges this as it can be seen that the onus lies with the owner to protect those activities on their property that they wish to protect from those external to their property5. Damages may also need to be paid for trespassing whether or not trespass caused actual damage to the owner of the land6. This case showed that sky cranes trespassing over anothers property for the purposes of construction had to pay compensation even though no direct damage to the fee simple was caused. By using the cranes over the fee simples property, it saved the building contractor $500,000. It was ruled that compensation for the fee simple should result where economic advantage is made by the use of property of another. This can in effect be thought of as it being necessary to rent the property by the party requiring use. Although no direct damage is caused by the trespasser, the fee simple does incur a loss and the third party benefits from the fee simples property; whereas the trespasser profits from the property of the fee simple. While the first maxim cuis est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos (he who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth), imposes restrictions, another Latin maxim superficies solo cedit (a building becomes part of the ground or solum) has the effect of granting extended rights, this was illustrated in Rogers (Inspector of Taxes) v. Longsdon7 where an artificial heap of waste was held to have become part of the land once trees and grass started growing on it. Thus a house or other structure which cannot be removed without demolition or destruction is presumed to have been intended to form part of the realty as stated by Lord Lloyd of Berwick8. A top floor of a high rise block of flats would also constitute as being land as would a dry stone wall which inheres in the landscape in such a way as to become part of the land9. The Interpretation Act 1978, Sch 1 provides that land includes buildings and other structure, land covered with water, and any estate, interest, easement, servitude or right in or over land. It is not only actual buildings or parts of buildings but also anything that attaches to them in such a way as to become a fixture. There are two types of items fixtures and chattels; Luther (2004) states their distinction is elusive. When looking at whether an item is a fixture or chattel, it is usual for judges to refer to two tests from Blackburn J in Holland v. Hodgson10. The basic principle here is that if an item is attached to the land it is usually a fixture, whereas chattels do not attach to the land but rest on their own weight. The noteworthy point here is that fixtures that are between the land and the heavens do form part of the owners land but chattels may not belong to the owner and if the property was bought from a previous owner, the previous owner has the right to remove any chattels that are still inside the property he has sold even though they currently sit between the earth and the heavens of the new fee simple who has just bought the property. This shows that not everything between the centre of the earth and the heavens forms part of the owners land. It is also of note that chattels do not form part of the land under the tests which is why it does not form part of the land even though the chattel may be on his property but a chattel could belong to the owner of the land just as it could belong to someone else or the previous owner. Regarding subterranean zones, Gray and Gray (2009) state that English law recognises that the owner has the right to at least some of the land under the soil but the Latin maxims declaration that the owner owns everything to depths as far as the centre of the earth is a little misleading in modern property law. Bradbrook (1987 cited by Gray and Gray (2009) states that the land owners rights are unlikely to reach further than 200 metres beneath the surface of the land. Minerals and other inorganic substances that are found beneath the grounds of the owner belong to him11. However there are exceptions regarding coal12 that is yet to be worked on and petroleum13. They belong to the Coal Authority and the Crown respectively. The subterranean forms part of the owners and therefore it is possible to trespass on the owners land in the subterranean zone i. e. underground as far down as is regarded to be the owners land. Trespass may arise via entry to a cave under the owners land14 or by installing a sewer pipe15 under the owners land without authorisation from the owner of the land. Gray and Gray (2009) illustrated that the owner of the land has no absolute title to the water itself flowing through his land through a channel (i. e. river). The owner has the right to reasonably enjoy16 the flow of the water without diminishing17 the flow of the water or its purity to those further down the channel. The owner has the right to fish in the water flowing through his land as far as he can reach by normal casting or spinning18. The owner also has right to the fish once he kills and catches them and they become his absolute property19. Conclusion The Latin maxim of, he who owns the land owns everything reaching to the heavens and down to the centre of the earth does not hold true in modern property law. This notion was perhaps true when it was first realised dating back to the medieval times. However with the evolution of science and technology, much has become possible with items such as aircraft, hot air balloons and other things that would not be possible to use if all property stretched from the centre of the earth to the heavens; every aeroplane or helicopter would be trespassing. Hence as far as to what extent the concept of how far this Latin maxim is still valid in todays society is concerned. It does not hold true. In general, it is thought that the owners property extends to 200 metres below the surface of the ground and that it is unlikely to be higher than 200 metres above roof level. These measurements are not stipulated but it is a rough estimate as it gives the owner the right of space above and below his land from which he can fully benefit from the use his land and use it reasonably for enjoyment. It was also found that the owner of the land owns the land and the buildings upon it, the associated fixtures, minerals and other inorganic substances are said to be the fee simples, the right to enjoy reasonably any water passing through his land with causing the water any damage and the fish within the water become his absolute property. However it was also found that although chattels may be on the owners land he may not own them which may allow them to be recovered by the owner.

Leading Organisational Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leading Organisational Change - Assignment Example the group members are actively involved and made sensitive about the internal processes which are taking place and encouraging them to analyze the overall process. Firstly, there should be proper questions framed so that it is able to address all the interpersonal issues which were being witnessed in the system in relation to rigidity towards accepting innovative changes and avoidance towards collaborative working style implementation across all SBUs. Secondly, the intervention would comprise of a period of process-analysis where the required process to be incorporated will be analyzed in advance by gaining opinion from all the team members of VRD Industries. Next step is dedicated towards designing various testing procedures and setting the required agenda for change so that motives behind such organizational change can easily be communicated across the team. In this intervention there needs to be a proper training program which will incorporate interpersonal process and their outco mes. Meeting would be held by the topmost authority and change agents so as to analyze the areas of interpersonal skills amongst employees which need further improvement to bring forth the planned change. This training program will be undertaken by experts so that conceptual thinking regarding interpersonal issues can be incorporated and better analyzed. This knowledge would enable employees to overcome the resistance which was present in them related to organizational change which was necessary for VRD Industries. Major problems identified in VRD Industries need to be resolved effectively so that brand position of the company can be secured in the industry. Team building intervention is an effective tool which can help to resolve such issues and develop the required interpersonal skills amongst the team members. This refers to wide range of planned activities that facilitates group members to enhance their problem solving and interpersonal skills and even improves the overall

MANAGING ORGANIZATIONS & LEADING PEOPLE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MANAGING ORGANIZATIONS & LEADING PEOPLE - Essay Example Among them are golf clubs, fine dining, and boating. It also provides parasailing, yacht charters, luxury lodging and unmatched concierge services. All the hotels under Shangri-la are branded five-star Shangri-la and four-star Traders. The hotel was founded in Singapore by a Malaysian-Chinese tycoon named Robert Kuok. Its growth is also attributed from quick differentiation that management of the company engaged in, distancing it from the competition. Differentiation enabled Shangri-la Company to provide distinctive Asian standards of hospitality and services. After some time in service, the company garnered popularity and recognition internationally. It received awards and recognition from prestigious publications and industry partners. By the year 2006, the hotel had expanded its jurisdictions to hotel ownership and operations. It accommodated property development, and hotel management services. Rapid expansion of the companies began in the 1980s in Asia. By the year 1999, Shangri- la had 35 hotels across Asia. In the year 2000, Shangri-la began expanding its territories of operation beyond Asia. In 2003, the Traders Hotel Dubai established Shangri-la in United Arab Emirates. It was also established in Sydney, Australia, North America, and Europe. In order to achieve expansively and effectiveness, Shangri-la used a 5- level organizational design. Each level had separate guidelines and discretion. The name Shangri-la was adapted do reflect the company philosophy for hospitality for caring people. The theory is strongly supported in every branch of the company and all employees of the company from top most-senior employees to the junior employees. The Shangri-la hotel primary leaders act to change rather than direct. Normally, the primary leader is involved in influencing others so that they can all work together. Shangri-la advocates for their functions to maintain three functional pillars (Martin, 2006). The functional pillars are the leadership

Leadership Style Essay Example for Free

Leadership Style Essay Manama Logistics Company (MLC) has hired you to supervise the company’s move from downtown Manama to Isa Town. It is expected that there will be some discontentment amongst staff (as listed in the case study) It is important that you understand the different types of leadership styles, and decide what would be the best styles for you to use in the situations outlined in the case study. It is important to remember that different styles are necessary for different situations. Leadership issues are often influenced by behaviour patterns. People (supervisors and workers) generally display behaviours that are aggressive, passive or assertive. Research these three behaviours so you understand the traits of each and can describe how they relate to supervision and leadership issues. In your report to the Board describe the leadership styles you have chosen and give justification for them. You will need to identify more than one style, and give examples of when each is appropriate to use. There are four main leadership styles, and several other recognised styles. Check with your tutor if you are not sure if you have identified the main styles. You need to identify these four main styles and one other relevant leadership method, so you have a deeper understanding of leadership behaviours in various situations, and identify what is effective and what is not and why. Use APA referencing and in-text referencing throughout your Progress Report. For your first Progress Report: 1. PART A – as a group Describe the following behaviours: a. Aggressive b. Passive c. Assertive Give examples of how people display these behaviours – include words, attitudes and non verbal body language. Identify and research the four main leadership styles * describe what each style is. * explain generaly what type of situation it is appropriate to use them * describe the advantages and disadvantages of each style * give examples from the case study of when each one might be appropriate PART B Individual Contribution(20 marks) Write around 300 – 500 words looking at different leadership styles. Define two different leadership styles, (other than the four identified earlier above).(10 marks /5 each) Give 5 advantages and 5 disadvantages for using both of these leadership styles. (10 marks /1 each) TURNITIN SUBMISSION You must submit only ONE copy of the group progress report (Chairperson may do this and include their individual contribution with the group report). Other group members need to submit their individual contribution via Moodle, using Turnitin by 23:59 hours on Saturday 21 September. You will need to use your own words in your report to ensure you do not exceed the permitted 30% of copied material. Please note: if you don’t reference your resources, you will get a 0% for your progress report. PART C Individual Forum Posting Each student is required to submit a forum posting once per module. The timing, completion and quality of these postings will contribute to 15% of your individual assessment. Posting 1 due to be completed by Thursday 12 September before 2.00pm.(17 marks) Write around 300 – 400 words covering: * which behaviour you think is the best communication style to use if you were the supervisor for Manama Logistics Company. Justify why. * look up and explain one additional style other than the three (assertive, aggressive, passive) already mentioned * Complete the Hot Potatoes exercise on Moodle - Marking Schedule for Problem One: Leadership Styles Group Name †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Each Progress Report is marked out of 100% contributing to a total weighting of 35% of the final mark. Progress Report 1 Group Protocols and Leadership Styles| | | Team protocols completed and signed by all members of the team Ensure a group name with ID and names of all group members is included.| | 4| | Behaviours: aggressive, passive, and assertive are defined| 3 marks each behav| 9| | Examples of how behaviours are displayed are explained (including words, attitudes and nonverbal body language| 3 marks each behav| 9| | Four leadership styles are described in detail.| 4 marks each style| 16| | Describe where it is generally appropriate to use the 4 leadership styles eg military| 3 marks each style| 12| | Advantages of 4 leadership styles are discussed| 2 marks ea| 8| | Disadvantages of 4 leadership styles are discussed| 2 marks e a| 8| | What leadership style does your group recommend they use for the move to overcome staff resistance to the change – use the 7 case study examples (traffic issues, further to travel, new training requirements etc) and the leadership style your group recommends| 2 marks ea| 14| | GROUP TOTAL | | 80| *| All Individual contributions are handed in and are relevant and comprehensive as per marking guide.| | 20| + * See Below| Total:| | 100| = * See Below| Comments: NAME*GROUP TOTAL+*INDIVIDUAL TOTAL= /100