The Great Muslim Scientist of All the Time

The Great Muslim Scientists of All Time. Here is a little intro about them and their work to the world of science. All the scientists are before 14th century .. ,When you the Europe was called a Dark continent ,Muslims Scientists Were ruling in all over the world! I don't know what happened now But anyways Don't Forget the Past=) Better be Proud! Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi Consequently he is considered to be the father of algebra,[6] a title he shares with Diophantus.Latin translations of his Arithmetic, on the Indian numerals, introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world in the 12th century. [5] He revised and updated Ptolemy's Geography as well as writing several works on astronomy and astrology. His contributions not only made a great impact on mathematics, but on language as well. The word algebra is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations used to solve quadratic equations, as described in his book. For complete intro: http://en. wikipedia. rg/ wiki/Al-Khwarizmi Avicenna Avicenna was a Persian polymath and the foremost physician and Islamic philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian. His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many Islamic and European universities up until the early 19th century .Ibn Sina is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,] his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, efficacy tests, clinical pharmacolo gy, neuropsychiatry, risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome,[30] and the importance of dietetics and the influence of climate and environment on health.He is also considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics, and regarded as a pioneer of aromatherapy. George Sarton,, the father of the history of science, wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science: â€Å"One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an eminent figure in Islamic learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history.His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The ‘Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of disease s by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Avicenna Geber He is â€Å"considered by many to be the father of chemistry. bir Ibn Hayyan is widely credited with the introduction of the experimental method in alchemy, and with the invention of numerous important processes still used in modern chemistry today, such as the syntheses of hydrochloric and nitric acids, distillation, and crystallisation. His original works are highly esoteric and probably coded, though nobody today knows what the code is. On the surface, his alchemical career revolved around an elaborate chemical numerology based on consonants in the Arabic names of substances nd the concept of takwin, the artificial creation of life in the alchemical laboratory. Research has also established that oldest text of Jabiran corpus must have originated in the scientific culture of northeastern Persia. This thesis is supported by the Persian language and Middle Persian terms used in the technical vocabulary. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Geber Al-Jazari The most significant aspect of al-Jazari's machines are the mechanisms, components, ideas, methods and design features which they employ. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Jazari Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-FarghaniHe was involved in the measurement of the diameter of the Earth together with a team of scientists under the patronage of al-Ma'mun in Baghdad. The Alfraganus crater on the Moon was named after him. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Farghani Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, and philosophy, recorded in over 184 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge and made numerous advances in medicine through own observations and discoveries. He was an early proponent of experimental medicine and is co nsidered the father of pediatrics. He was also a pioneer of neurosurgery and ophthalmology. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Rhazes Abu Rayhan al-Biruni physicist, an anthropologist and psychologist, an astronomer, a chemist, a critic of alchemy and astrology, an encyclopedist and historian, a geographer and traveller, a geodesist and geologist, a mathematician, a pharmacist and physician, an Islamic philosopher and Shia theologian, and a scholar and teacher, and he contributed greatly to all of these fields.He was the first scholar to study India and the Brahminical tradition, and has been described as the father of Indology, the father of geodesy, and â€Å"the first anthropologist†. He was also one of the earliest leading exponents of the experimental scientific method, and was responsible for introducing the experimental method into mechanics, the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena, and a pioneer of experimental psychology. George Sarto n, the father of the history of science, described Biruni as â€Å"One of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times. ttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Biruni Al-Khazini Robert E. Hall wrote the following on al-Khazini: â€Å"His hydrostatic balance can leave no doubt that as a maker of scientific instruments he is among the greatest of any time. † http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Khazini Ibn al-Haytham HE made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his introduction of the scientific method.Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the â€Å"father of modern optics† for his influential Book of Optics, which correctly explained and proved the modern intromission theory of vision, and for his experiments on optics, including experiments on lenses, mirrors , refraction, reflection, and the dispersion of light into its constituent colours. He studied binocular vision and the moon illusion, described the finite speed[] and rectilinear propagation of light and and argued that rays of light are streams of corpuscular energy particles[16]travelling in straight lines. Due to his formulation of a modern quantitative, empirical and experimental approach to physics and science, he is considered the pioneer of the modern scientific method and the originator of experimental science and experimental physics, and some have described him as the â€Å"first scientist† for these reasons. He is also considered by some to be the founder of experimental psychology for his experimental approach to the psychology of visual perception and optical illusions, and a pioneer of the philosophical field of phenomenology.Among his other achievements, Ibn al-Haytham gave the first clear description and correct analysis of the camera obscura, discovered Ferm at's principle of least time and the concept of inertia (Newton's first law of motion), discovered that the heavenly bodies were accountable to the laws of physics, presented a critique and reform of Ptolemaic astronomy, first stated Wilson's theorem in number theory, formulated and solved Alhazen's problem geometrically using early ideas related to calculus and mathematical induction,and in his optical research laid the foundations for the later development of telescopic astronomy,[34] as well as for the microscope and the use of optical aids in Renaissance art. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham Al-Kindi lso known by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus to the West, was an Arabpolymath: a philosopher, scientist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist, chemist, logician, mathematician, musician, physician, physicist, psychologist, and meteorologist. In the field of mathematics, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing Indian numerals to the Islamic and Christi an world. He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology, and devised several new methods of breaking ciphers, including the frequency analysis method. ] Using his mathematical and medical expertise, he was able to develop a scale that would allow doctors to quantify the potency of their medication. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Kindi Ibn Sahl Abu Sa`d al-`Ala' ibn Sahl) (c. 40-1000) was an Arabian mathematician, physicist and optics engineer associated with the Abbasid court of Baghdad. About 984 he wrote a treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lenses in which he set out his understanding of how curved mirrors and lenses bend and focus light. Ibn Sahl is credited with first discovering the law of refraction, usually called Snell's law. [1][2] He used the law of refraction to work out the shapes of lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as anaclastic lenses. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ibn_Sahl Al-Ghazali known as Algazel to the western medieval world, was b orn and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia (modern day Iran).He was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, physician, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin], and remains one of the most celebrated scholars in the history of Sufi Islamic thought. He is considered a pioneer of the methods of doubt and skepticism, and in one of his major works, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, he changed the course of early Islamic philosophy, shifting it away from the influence of ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and towards cause-and-effect that were determined by God or intermediate angels. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Al-Ghazali Im Tired and rest of the scientists you can go through with this list if you are interested. lol http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Muslim_scientists I am tired now.. ol If anyone else can do it then go ahead=) And here is the complete list. Astronomers and Astrophysicists * Muhammad * Muhammad Ahmad Khan Minhas * Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Ja far al-Sadiq * Yaqub ibn Tariq * Ibrahim al-Fazari * Muhammad al-Fazari * Mashallah * Naubakht * Al-Khwarizmi, also a mathematician * Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) * Al-Farghani * Banu Musa (Ben Mousa) o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir * Thabit ibn Qurra (Thebit) o Sinan ibn Thabit o Ibrahim ibn Sinan * Al-Majriti * Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Harrani al-Battani (Albatenius) * Al-Farabi (Abunaser) Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi * Abu Sa'id Gorgani * Kushyar ibn Labban * Abu Ja'far al-Khazin * Al-Mahani * Al-Marwazi * Al-Nayrizi * Al-Saghani * Al-Farghani * Abu Nasr Mansur * Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi) * Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi * Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani * Ibn Yunus * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna * Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (Arzachel) * Omar Khayyam * Al-Khazini * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) * Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) * Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius) * Averroes * Al-Jazari * Sharaf al-Din a l-Tusi * Anvari * Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi * Nasir al-Din Tusi * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi * Ibn al-Shatir * Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi * Jamshid al-Kashi Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician * Taqi al-Din, Ottoman astronomer * Ahmad Nahavandi * Haly Abenragel * Ghallia Kaouk * Abolfadl Harawi * Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir)[1][2] * Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program[3] * Abdul Kalam * Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud * Muhammed Faris * Abdul Ahad Mohmand * Talgat Musabayev * Anousheh Ansari * Amir Ansari * Essam Heggy, a planetary scientist involved in the NASA Mars Exploration Program[4] * Ahmed Salem Alaa Ibrahim * Mohamed Sultan * Ahmed Noor * Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[5][6] [edit] Chemists and Alchemists Further information: Alchemy (Islam) * Kh alid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Jafar al-Sadiq * Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber), father of chemistry[7][8][9] * Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) * Al-Kindi (Alkindus) * Al-Majriti * Ibn Miskawayh * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna * Al-Khazini * Nasir al-Din Tusi * Hasan al-Rammah * Ibn Khaldun * Sake Dean Mahomet * Salimuzzaman Siddiqui * Al Khawazimi Father of Al-Gabra, (Mathematics) * Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999[10] * Ali Eftekhari [edit] Computer Scientists Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Iranian computer scientist; founder of fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory[11][12] * Jawed Karim, Bangladeshi American software engineer; lead architect of PayPal and co-founder of YouTube[13] * Pierre Omidyar, Iranian American entrepreneur; founder of eBay[14] [edit] Economists and Social Scientists Further information: Islamic sociology, Early Muslim sociology, and Islamic economics in the world See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam * Muhammad (570-632), discussed corpora te social responsibility[15] * Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), economist * Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist * Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), economist * Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist * Al-Saghani (d. 90), one of the earliest historians of science[16] * Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048), considered the â€Å"first anthropologist†[17] and father of Indology[18] * Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist * Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist * Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist * Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist * Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Tusi) (1201-1274), economist * Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), sociologist * Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist * Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), forerunner of social sciences[19] such as demography,[20] cultural history,[21] historiography,[22] philosophy of history,[23] sociology[20][23] and economics[24][25 ] * Al-Maqrizi (1364-1442), economist Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit * Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[26][27] * Muhammad Yunus, Bangladeshi economist; father of microcredit and microfinance[28][29] [edit] Geographers and Earth Scientists Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution * Muhammad, discussed environmental philosophy[30] * Al-Masudi, the â€Å"Herodotus of the Arabs†, and pioneer of historical geography[31] * Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[32] * Qusta ibn Luqa * Ibn Al-Jazzar * Al-Tamimi * Al-Masihi * Avicenna * Ali ibn Ridwan * Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer * Ahmad ibn Fadlan * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, father of geodesy,[17][33] considered the first geologist and â€Å"first anthropologist†[17] * Avicenna * Ibn Jumay * Abd-el-latif * Averroes * Ibn al-Nafis * Ibn al-Quff Ibn Battuta * Ibn Khaldun * Piri Reis * E vliya Celebi * Zaghloul El-Naggar [edit] Mathematicians Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies * Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn Matar * Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi) – father of algebra[34] and algorithms[35] * Al-Abbas ibn Said al-Jawhari * ‘Abd al-Hamid ibn Turk * Hunayn ibn Ishaq * Al-Kindi (Alkindus) * Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar) * Banu Musa (Ben Mousa) o Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir * Al-Mahani * Ahmed ibn Yusuf * Thabit ibn Qurra (Thebit) o Sinan ibn Thabit o Ibrahim ibn Sinan * Al-Majriti Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Harrani al-Battani (Albatenius) * Al-Farabi (Abunaser) * Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam * Al-Nayrizi * Abu Ja'far al-Khazin * Brethren of Purity * Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi * Al-Saghani * Abu Sahl al-Quhi * Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi * Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani * Ibn Sahl * Al-Sijzi * Ibn Yunus * Abu Nasr Mansur * Kushyar ibn Labban * Al-Karaji * Ibn al-Haytha m (Alhacen/Alhazen) * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna * Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi * Al-Nasawi * Al-Jayyani * Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (Arzachel) * Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud * Omar Khayyam * Al-Khazini * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) * Al-Ghazali (Algazel) * Al-Samawal * Averroes * Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi * Ibn Mun`im * Al-Marrakushi * Ibn al-Banna' * Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi * Kamal al-Din al-Farisi * Mu? yi al-Din al-Maghribi * Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi * Al-Khalili * Ibn al-Shatir * Qa? i Zada al-Rumi * Jamshid al-Kashi * Ulugh Beg * Taqi al-Din * Muhammad Baqir Yazdi * Ibn Baso * Abu al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi (1412-1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[36] * Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Iranian computer scientist; founder of Fuzzy Mathematics and fuzzy set theory[11][12] * Cumrun Vafa * Jeffrey Lang Professor at the University of Kansas converted to Islam from atheism * Mostafa Mosharafa [edit] Neuroscientists and Psychologists Further information: Islamic psychological thought * Muhammad, discussed mental health[37] Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[38] * Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[39] * Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[40] * Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[37] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[41] * Najab ud-din Muhammad, pioneer of mental disorder classification[42] * Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[43] * Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[43] * Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[44] * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[45] * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, pioneer of reaction time[46] * Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of physiological psychology,[42] neuropsychiatry,[47] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[48] * Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[44] * Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[44] * Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[49] [edit] Physicians and Surgeons Main article: Muslim doctors Further information: Islamic medicine Muhammad, discussed contagion[50][51] and early Islamic medical treatments[52] * Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid) * Jafar al-Sadiq * Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[53] * Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[54] * Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887) * Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection * Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[40] * Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi * Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review[55] * Al-Fara bi (Alpharabius) * Abul Hasan al-Tabari – physician * Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari – physician * Ibn Al-Jazzar * Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 94), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[56] * Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[57] * Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) – father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[44] craniotomy,[56] hematology[58] and dental surgery[59] * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[60] and visual perception[61] * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni * Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) – father of modern medicine,[62] founder of Unani medicine,[58] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[63] aromatherapy,[64] pulsology and sphygmology,[65] and also a philosopher * Ibn Miskawayh * Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) – father of experimental surgery,[66] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, exp erimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[67] and tracheotomy[68] * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) * Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) * Averroes * Ibn al-Baitar * Nasir al-Din Tusi Ibn al-Nafis (1213-1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[69] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[70] pulsology and sphygmology[71] * Ibn al-Quff (1233-1305), pioneer of modern embryology[56] * Kamal al-Din al-Farisi * Ibn Khatima (14th century), pioneer of bacteriology and microbiology[72] * Ibn al-Khatib (1313-1374) * Mansur ibn Ilyas * Saghir Akhtar – pharmacist * Toffy Musivand * Samuel Rahbar * Muhammad B. Yunus, the â€Å"father of our modern view of fibromyalgia†[73] * Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[5][6] [edit] Physicists Further information: Islamic physics * Muhammad explained creation of the universe * Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century * Banu Musa (Ben Mousa), 9th century Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir o Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir * Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century * Thabit ibn Qurra (Thebit), 9th century * Al-Saghani, 10th century * Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), 10th century * Ibn Sahl, 10th century * Ibn Yunus, 10th century * Al-Karaji, 10th century * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[74] pioneer of scientific method[75] and experimental physics,[76] considered the â€Å"first scientist†[77] * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[78] * Avicenna, 11th century * Al-Khazini, 12th century * Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century * Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert * Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[9] father of modern engineering[79] * Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century * Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century * Kamal al-Din al-Farisi, 13th century * Hasan a l-Rammah, 13th century * Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century * Taqi al-Din, 16th century * Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century * Lagari Hasan Celebi, 17th century * Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century * Tipu Sultan, 18th century Indian mechanician * Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist * Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist * Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president * Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear physicist * Abdus Salam, Pakistani physicist; Nobel Prize in Physics 1977[80] * Abdul Kalam, Indian nuclear physicist * Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist * Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist * Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist * Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Egyptian-born German Particle Physisist http://forums. ratedesi. com/showthread. php? t=267268 Please report any broken links to Webmaster Copyright  © 1988-20

Business accounting Essay

M1: Analyse the cash flow problems a business might experience. For this task I will be writing to Alan Hall with an analysis of the problems in his cash flow statement. Dear Mr Hall,   I have made an analysis of your cash flow statement and am writing to you to inform you about all the problems I have identified Trends on the Net Cash Flow balances There are many trends within the cash flow statement such as the constant increase in advertising rates of  £175 up until September where it increases. It was wise to increase it more in Christmas, but this should’ve carried on into January as it is a new year and a time to sell off any stock that may have remained. The other problem I have identified within Alan halls cash flow statement is the Mortgage, which is fixed. This was wise to keep fixed as the business may not be able to afford any changes that may lead in an increase in cash outflow. I have identified a problem in thewages; the wages has increased twice In June. Both were increased in June, once by  £400 in the wages. The additional wages were increased by  £750, which makes a total of  £1050 increase in June which may be due to growth in employees. Most expenses are fixed such as rent, the expenses such as purchases and Advertisements are only rising immensely hence causing the closing balance to be negat ive despite the continuous rise in sales. The purchases are the main expenditure, which is huge area of concern, these needs to be looked into and controlled. The most common purchases are  £27,000 and the most expensive one  £44,000 hence needs to be looked into to find reasons why so changes can be made. There is a lump sum of  £9000 in the month of March, from a vehicle that was purchased. This lump sum causes the March closing balance to be a negative balance of  £ -2,645 causing the cash flow to have a bank overdraft. Negative Closing balances The closing balances were decent and positive until April where the closing balance became - £1,654. The reason for this may be the decrease in sales by  £2520 in March, despite there being an extra inflow from the bank and  savings of  £8000. The reason of there being a negative closing balance must be from the lump sum of  £9000 outflow, which was due to a vehicle purchase. The negative closing balance continues into the month of May despite there being a increase of  £6300 on sales, the negative closing balance remains due to the rise in purchases of  £4500. The negative closing balance becomes constant throughout the whole year and only gets higher despite the sales rising due to the expenses. The highest negative closing balance is in October of - £12730 despite there being high sales in September. The reason for this was again the increase in outflow of  £5760.

Bi-Lingual Education

Bi-Lingual Education Essay Bilingual EducationEducation is very important. There use to be a time when you didn’t have to go to school. When it was only important for men to have an education. Times have really changed. Now it is crucial for everyone in our society to have an education. Survival is the main reason: a cohesive society is another. Our schools today need to keep Bilingual education as a tool for teaching: not only for the sake of our society but also for the sense of our culture. Bilingual education in our schools is crucial: but still there is talk about banning the use of foreign language in the instruction of our young children. We have to work to change that kind of attitude. We have to proceed from the assumption that bilingual education is a sound educational proposition for all children and that it addresses the needs of all the constituencies of education. Now more than ever the words of Thomas Jefferson ring with special meaning: in 1977, in a letter to his nephew, Jefferson said: â€Å"Bestow great attention on Spanish and endeavor to acquire an accurate knowledge of it. Our future connections with Spain and Spanish America will render that language a valuable acquisition. The ancient history of that part of America, too, is written in that language†. (qt. in A Relook ’66). Hispanic leaders should plan an initiative to help Hispanic youths do better in school. Its a coming-together as a community to deal with a very pressing issue. The organizations should be composed of public officials, students, educators, administrators, and business people and should try to determine the biggest problems facing Latino students in their community. These groups need to work together to develop a statewide agenda. Hispanic students, according to some studies, lag behind other students in classroom performance; have the highest dropout rate of any ethnic group in the country; and, according to federal data, are less likely to pursue higher learning(Tucson â⠂¬â„¢66). We as a society, need to have a school system that prepares our students for higher education if that is their choice. Society needs to work together to change the educational process for Latino students. Consider these numbers, which we drew from As A Relook at Tucson ’66 states† Minority groups are being shortchanged by more than 200,000 teaching jobs in the public elementary and secondary schools of the nation. In 1972, the enrollment of the nation’s public schools was 44.6 million. As a relook at Tucson ’66 states, the number of English speakers in the Western Hemisphere is only slightly larger than that of Spanish speakers. By the year 2000 the number of Spanish speakers will be far greater than the number of english speakers. Statistics indicate that the United States is now one of the major Spanish-American countries. One statistical example: If the figures on illegal Mexican aliens are correct, that means that every year the United States adds another city the size of Albuquerque and Tucson combined. Or, put it another way, it adds another state larger in population than Wyoming and Alaska combined†(a relook at Tucson 14). The policy of most governments toward bilingualism in the home is and long has been one of neglect. A few countries actively encourage it, especially if the second (non-community) language is the more important language in the country or in the world, or if the minority (community) language is the language of a group given special consideration under the law. Many countries, which have recently been colonies, for example, encourage their young people to learn the language of their former Mother Country, because bilingualism of this type is important in international trade and politics. However, we could find castles full of research and still very little is being done in public schools to improve and enforce bilingual education. We have to use the research being conducted about bilingual edu cation and improve bilingual education. Some public schools want to stop bilingual education, saying that its detrimental to students but they dont put any consideration in improving it, or educating themselves on the needs of not just Latino but all children. All bilingual children deserve further discussion on the issues of culture, immigration, ethnicity and adjustment. READ: Free Grapes of Wraths: Steinbeck's Language Essay Truly bilingual workers, proficient in English and a second language, will be more valuable and marketable as global trade continues to grow. With these facts in mind, some states are launching a visionary effort to develop a dual-language work force. The idea is to convince local school districts to offer a second language beginning at the prekindergarten level and encourage employers to help adults learn another language. Spanish is an obvious second-language choice for many because of the rapid growth of Hispanics in our country. The relationship with Mexico and Latin America will grow stronger if businesses take advantage of their position and opportunity. More than 22,500,000 of our countries population already speaks Spanish http://www.docuweb.ca/SiSpain/english/language/worldwid.html). However, officials cite a growing demand for more Spanish-speaking professionals. The future work force would be better positioned to build international connections if most professionals had a second language. Students would gain a better understanding of the world by learning another language. Pursuing a dual-language work force is a sound idea that will boost the countries’ economy and personally benefit its individuals. We as a society should encourage local school districts, businesses and civic-minded groups to embrace the effort. We must try to build a society were human diversity is promoted and not destroyed. The key to program improvement is not in finding a program that works for all children and all localities, or finding a program component (such as native language instruction) that works as some sort of magic bullet, but rather finding a set of program components that works for the children in the community of interest, given the goals, and resources of that community. The best bilingual education programs include all of these characteristics: ESL instruction, sheltered subject matter teaching, and instruction in the first language. Non-English-speakin g children initially receive core instruction in the primary language along with ESL instruction. As children grow more proficient in English, they learn subjects using more contextualized language (math and science) in sheltered classes taught in English, and eventually in mainstream classes. In this way, the sheltered classes function as a bridge between instruction in the first language and in the mainstream. In advanced levels, the only subjects done in the first language are those demanding the most abstract use of language (social studies and language arts). Once full mainstreaming is complete, advanced first language development is available as an option. Gradual exit plans, such as these, avoid problems associated with exiting children too early (before the English they encounter is comprehensible) and provide instruction in the first language where it is most needed. These plans also allow children to have the advantages of advanced first language development. A common argu ment against bilingual education is the observation that many people have succeeded without it. This has certainly happened. In these cases, however, the successful person got plenty of comprehensible input in the second language, and in many cases had a de facto bilingual education program. For example, Rodriguez (1982) and de la Pe?a (1991) are often cited as counter-evidence to bilingual education. Rodriguez (1982) tells us that he succeeded in school without a special program and acquired a very high level of English literacy. He had two crucial advantages, however, that most limited- English-proficient (LEP) children do not have. First, he grew up in an English-speaking neighborhood in Sacramento, California, and thus got a great deal of informal comprehensible input from classmates. Many LEP children today encounter English only at school; they live in neighborhoods where Spanish prevails. In addition, Rodriguez became a voracious reader, which helped him acquire academic lang uage. Most LEP children have little access to books. READ: Customer Service In Abc Stores EssayRandom assignment to treatment and control groups, as in medical experiments, is the highest quality research design because it increases the confidence in the conclusion that any differences between the groups after a period of treatment can be attributed to that treatment. The results from the five studies in which subjects were randomly assigned to bilingual and control programs favor bilingual education even more strongly. The estimated benefit of bilingual programs on all test scores in English according to these studies with random assignment is .26 of a standard deviation. The positive effect on reading scores is .41 of a standard deviation among the studies with random assignment. And the improvement in scores measured in Spanish is .92 of a standard deviation in the studies with random assignment to treatment and control groups. All of these estimated benefits of bilingual education from studies with random assignment are extremel y unlikely to have been produced by chance. The fact that the studies of bilingual programs with random assignment, the highest quality research design, have even stronger results greatly increases the confidence in the conclusion that bilingual education positively affects educational attainment. In sum, the NRC report finds that on average, bilingual education programs are more effective than English-only programs. However, there are many other important factors that influence student outcomes. There is much more work left to do by the schools if we are to enable LEP students to achieve at high academic levels. Improvement would have to focus on teachers, teaching, academic content and standards, accountability, school-wide leadership, program integration, parent involvement-and effective use of the native language to assure high level and meaningful learning for all students from the time they enter school. Proposition 227 removes an important tool use of the native language fr om the hands of educators it would only serve to make even more difficult the challenges of school improvement. A society with no education cannot compete in the modern world. We as a society need to fight to keep Bilingual education as a teaching tool in the schooling system. Social Issues

The Classical World of the Greeks and the Romans Essay

The Classical World of the Greeks and the Romans - Essay Example By doing so, they became what we now know as the cradle of westernization. 1. What does your textbook mean when it says that the Greeks made the transition â€Å"from myth to reason†? The meaning of this was that the Greeks made what seemed to be impossible possible. When the notion of western thought and culture began in the 1500bc, it was later interrupted through the Greek Dark ages about 1100-900 BC. Here, westernization seemed to be a myth, something that would never be true. But again from around 900BC which is identified as the classical period there was a change of events as Greece entered the era which made it glorious, through the use of classical Greece philosophy, western thought and culture was developed. The philosophy based these developments upon the inquiry and reasons pertaining to various disciplines. These included literature, science, technology, law, economics, politics, psychology, art, ethics, etc. the early thinkers such as Thales and Anaximander were the ones who asked questions concerning the area of philosophy and came up with the theories to try to answer such questions. 2. List and briefly explain at least four specific contributions that the Greeks gave to Western Civilization. These contributions should be unique and specific to the Greeks The Greeks have made many contributions which are influential in western civilization. These are; the scientific method of solving the problem which was invented by Socrates, theatre is another contribution. Plays were written and performed to entertain people and also teach them morals and proper ethics. The form or system of government and politics was also a contribution from Greece. In the field of science, they provided knowledge regarding biology, physics, medicine, geology etc. An example being that through astronomy, they calculated the size of both the earth and the sun. And in physics the lever and the pulley were invented. 3. What was the special Greek contribution to politics , and how did this political system work? The historic Greek contribution to politics was the democracy system. It was a direct democracy system where each person had to vote. The democrats were only men as women; children and slaves were considered to be non citizens. The men would vote on what they wanted to be done. The thing or person that received the most votes won. This ensured that no tyrant, king or a single person could just bring in a new law and implement it 4. 4. Who was Alexander the Great? What did he accomplish? Why do you think that people from ancient times down to our own day have been so fascinated by him? Alexander the great was the king of Macedonia and a student of a famous philosopher called Aristotle. He was able to accomplish a lot of things like conquering over 70 cities Persian being one of them., spreading the Greek culture throughout the Persian Empire. He was also known to be a great general and a soldier and to add to that he acquired new colonies and trade routes. Many people are fascinated by him through his actions, and from him being a child till the day he died. For example, when he was 16years his father left him with the power to rule as he went to invade Thrace. He also showed his bravery at the Chaeronea battle and is known to never lose any battles that he went. He was considered to be among the greatest commanders in history and by the young age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empire. 5. Why is Julius Caesar such a

Information Management, Knowledge Management and Organizations Essay

Information Management, Knowledge Management and Organizations - Essay Example However, as Blaise Pascal said," We must learn our limits. We are all something, but none of us are everything." Therefore integrating the knowledge base of the entire length and breadth of the organization and the ability to utilize this collective knowledge and make it available becomes important. Knowledge management is a relatively newer concept and has been received with as much enthusiasm as well as skepticism. However, its awareness has been continually increasing. Knowledge management is the complete system of finding knowledge or creating it, storing it and using it appropriately. Although Knowledge Management is often associated with the information and technology industry, it undeniably exists in all kinds of jobs and all occupations. Argyris (1977) defines organizational learning as the process of "detection and correction of errors." In his view, organizations learn through individuals acting as agents for them: "The individuals' learning activities, in turn, are facilitated or inhibited by an ecological system of factors that may be called an organizational learning system" (p. 117). ... A learning organization needs to address a number of issues in order that it meets its targets. It addition to working with its employees as a team as well as individuals, it also needs to behave a complete management buy-in and commitment to the process. This is emphasized in the Knowledge management forum by Thomas Brextel as "Knowledge management is the management of the organization towards the continuous renewal of the organizational knowledge base - this means e.g. creation of supportive organizational structures, facilitation of organizational members, putting IT-instruments with emphasis on teamwork and diffusion of knowledge (as e.g. groupware) into place." Organizational knowledge is the sum of all the knowledge accumulated gradually over time by all its employees, collected and shared. This also means that it depends on personal knowledge as well as inclination to share that knowledge with others. "Characteristics of the work or problem situation determine the ways that information is used and assessed to be helpful (or otherwise)." (Knowing Organization, Chun Wee Choo) This is especially true that when employees are singled out for promotions and incentives based on their knowledge, the urge to share it with others becomes lesser. To counter this management should promote an environment where the employees who share tips that prove to be beneficial to organization are recognized and rewarded. In an article in CIO.com, the author also expresses a similar view that, "Linking KM directly to job performance, creating a safe climate for people to share ideas and recognizing people who contribute to the KM effort (especially those people w hose

University Hospital Consultation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

University Hospital Consultation - Case Study Example The industry is characterized by uncertainties in the regulatory atmosphere, digital transformation, continued scientific transformation and influenced by the global economic changes from depression to a recovering economy. The success of the university hospital is dependent on its structuring, effectivity, and management. The approach focuses on organization, management, and effective control of operations to ensure success. The strategy implies that the set strategies are well managed and measured at the end of every quota to evaluate the level of efficiency in meeting the hospital`s mission, vision, and objectives. The actions of the strategy can be examined as identifying the hospital`s functions in relation to the purpose, long run goals, objectives and allocating the available resources in to meet the health care consumer needs. Other crucial factors in the strategy include a unifying and coherent process in management process decision making, adoption of contemporary technology and application of the science in telemedicine. The hospital`s mission statement, is performance and efficiency based is a critical pillar in emphasize of the companies key fundamentals of ensuring high-quality service delivery to counter the competition faced (Grant 2008). Most players in the industry focus on keeping up with current technological changes in medicine. The key values emphasized in the mission statement focuses on optimizing on technological advancement to ensure efficiency and satisfaction. The objective of the hospital is to ensure an efficient system that caters for all social classes of the society and at the same time ensure optimization of profit. The values are directed towards capitalizing on the university institution`s pool of skilled individuals-students and staff- to enhance research Significance and spearhead a campaign to develop world cure for cancer. The vision and mission statement that is centered on efficiency and

Pfizers unsuccessful takeover of AstraZeneca Essay

Pfizers unsuccessful takeover of AstraZeneca - Essay Example government to take interest and eventually intervene with the series of committee hearings in the UK Parliament involving heads of the two drug companies. The failed takeover has affected the share price of AztraZeneca more than Pfizer. The company stock price rose sharply prices during the process, beginning the day after the takeover bid was announced (BBC 2014). The uptick would only dramatically decrease in the very day the bid was rejected in May 19. The share price, however, rebounded the day after, paving the way for better and stronger performance as the details of the failed bid became known. The same could not be said in the case of Pfizer. Its share price was tagged at 31.12 before the takeover bid and gradually fell to 28.75 by the end of May as the negotiations drew to a close (Yahoo Finance 2014). The attempted takeover came on the heels of Pfizers intent to merge with AstraZeneca for the purpose of relocating its headquarters to the UK, using it as a tax domicile, avoiding high corporate taxes in the US in the process (Drawbaugh 2014). This trend has been going in recent years for several pharmaceutical companies in the US. This year alone, thirteen tax-inversion deals have been completed, with US drug companies buying foreign counterparts in order to relocate their tax bases abroad (Lorenzetti 2014). Pfizer has made this particular motivation public when it made its bid for AstraZeneca. The corporate tax in the UK is 21% and is expected to fall to 20% in 2015 whereas the US charges corporations 35% (Farell 2014). The UK government was dragged into the issue because the takeover became a matter of public interest, requiring intervention. The takeover came to mean, for the UK polity, a risk for the country because of the prospect of job loss as evidenced in previous merger and acquisition cases. Policy makers, for example, recall the case of Kraft’s Cadbury acquisition. After the takeover, the company failed to honour its promises during the

Madonna - Hung up Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Madonna - Hung up - Research Paper Example Somebody who doesn’t know Madonna otherwise and sees her for the first time in the video can’t tell that the lady has crossed 40’s. The fat woman that dances in the bus is a huge source of inspiration for the women who are obese or overweight. Generally, in our society, fat women are sidelined when it comes to the display of dancing skills since dance is inherently an art of body. However, the fat woman in the video condemns such thinking through her dancing skills. She dances so confidently and nicely in the crowd that the whole crowd is inspired by her. That part of the video was like a one woman’s show. The time was meant for her. Her dance is so perfect and mesmerizing that people either tend to overlook her obesity, or appreciate her obesity. Probably, she would not have looked that graceful dancing had she not been fat. The most important message that has been conveyed through the video in general and the lyrics in particular is that a loving woman is too worthy a possession for a man to lose. In this video, Madonna is shown as a woman who loves her boyfriend so much that she is desperately waiting for his call. She is so obsessed with his love that she would not mind even if her boyfriend calls her late in the night. She is impatient to receive a call from her boyfriend whom she loves so much. Good women are stereotyped to be like this in our society. They have to sacrifice for the men in any way. Madonna does this by waiting for her boyfriend, and yet he is too careless to call her until the end of the video. Madonna makes the audiences realize the importance of such a loving and caring woman in these words, â€Å"I cant keep on waiting for you/I know that youre still hesitating/Dont cry for me/Cause Ill find my way/Youll wake up one day/But itll be too late† (Madonna cited in Avoledo). Ma donna says that her boyfriend would realize her worth when he has lost him. This can be generalized for all women

Chronic fatigue syndrome, dietary and lifestyle changes for Essay

Chronic fatigue syndrome, dietary and lifestyle changes for improvement of health - Essay Example The implication is that all the bodily functions go slow: feeling fatigued. The fatigue discussed here is not the kind that comes from heavy exertion, a busy day or week, or even a stressful event, such as a death of a loved one. Bed rest does not cure the fatigue, and daily functions, along with normal cognitive skill levels, are greatly reduced, such as producing a mental fog. Symptoms can last at least six months and beyond, through a lifetime. This seriously affects the patient’s lifestyle, creating problems at work, within family relationships, any educational and outside social activities (CDC, 2014a; WHRC, 2011). In this paper, we review the diagnosis of a patient who has been determined to have CFS, and what some of the solutions can be, based on the symptoms presented. Notably, women (522) are twice as often to get CFS as men (291) do, within a group of 100,000 people (Logan & Wong, 2001). The patient is a 42-year old male, diagnosed with CFS, a body mass index (BMI) of 32, is obese, and is experiencing fibromyalgia, rheumatism, depression and anxiety, a poor sleep pattern of very little at night, with an 18-hour day. Additionally, there is heretic bowel function with nausea, diarrhoea, alternating with constipation, belching, heartburn and indigestion, along with cravings, all of which suggests potential irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Aside from the lack of energy, the patient presents symptoms of diabetes II. The patient will be checked first for an official diagnosis of diabetes I or II, and will also be tested for muscular oxidative stress (mitochondria), and weakness of satellite cells, along with adrenal fatigue, will also be tested and measured. The patient is currently taking medication for depression, migraine and fibromyalgia. There are two widely-held hypotheses regarding the nature of CFS and associated illnesses commonly found with the overall diagnosis of CFS. The first is that fatigue is caused by psychological

The childrens hospital impatient pharmacy Essay Example for Free

The childrens hospital impatient pharmacy Essay My next site visit was in the childrens hospital impatient pharmacy . It was so exciting for me since it was my first hospital visit . It was so exciting to experience a different type of pharmacy practice since I am considering that my future job be at a hospital pharmacy. I showed more interest here compared to the other practices that I have attended. I started my first visit to the site on the 13th which is a Thursday. The first day, I was taken by my GPS to a totally different address. Lucky for me that I exited the school a little sooner than usual so I had enough time to look for the hospital. It was not fun looking for the right way to the hospital fro m my lost location especially that I am not a good driver under stress. To put the story, I got to my site visi on time. Thank God! It was totally new work, yes—I mean the hospital . Wow! All the doors to the pharmacy needs a special pass code. After I entered the pharmacy, I introduced myself with the preceptor who was not the same person that was introduced to me from the school. She explained how the whole fully automated pharmacy system functions. I should admit that I did not understand half of the things she said. It was like I was in a totally new world. A world that is half free of human help—distributing medication was through the help of an automated machine. My preceptor introduced me with the staff in the pharmacy. It was such a big pharmacy that was combined with parental and compounding pharmacy which provided the need of the hospital for any medication . Karen, my preceptor showed me the actual work around the pharmacy. She explained to me the system of drug delivery around the hospital. For each section of the hospital, a machine for dispensing drugs is mounted. It is equipped with a computer that is accessible for all hospital personnel. The pharmacist would enter the prescription on the computer system and the nurse would get the medication directly from the machine. This machine, the Medline also allow the nurse to return the medication if necessary. These machine are being refilled by the technicians 2 times every 24 hours. The pharmacy also designed a delivery tube that could deliver the prescription to and from any place in hospital. The delivery system is fast, free and accurate. After my brief introduction to the hospital and the medication delivery system, my preceptor assigned me to look for the expired medicines from the stock. It was much more medication than what the other pharmacies have on their shelves. I basically spent the rest of my first visit and second visit identifying the expired medication. It allowed me to see the individual medication through my own eyes and it helped me learn faster. On my third day, I was introduce to the out patient pharmacy of the hospital. It runs basically the same way as any other retail pharmacy that provided the out patient with their medication. It was so interesting for me to try different types of pharmacy experience. I always pictured myself with a pharmacy where the technicians count the pills and the pharmacists that check them. But now, I could see a whole new feature. A feature that is faster and a lot more accurate in dispensing medication. The best system that I experienced in this hospital would be the feature of the pharmacy . Looking at the whole system one more time, this system could be convenient for city .The automated dispensing machine replaces the retail stores.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology

Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology Long-Term Evolution [LTE] Abstract The 3GPP long-term evolution [LTE] is the step towards the radio air-interface evolution for 3G technology to deliver â€Å"Mobile Broadband†. It is being defined and standardized by the 3GPP to functionally evolve the radio access technology and enhance the performance of 3G technologies to meet user-expectations over long-term i.e, 10 years and beyond. LTE targets to achieve this by improving the 3G coverage, system capacity, data rates and spectrum efficiency. It also aims at reducing the latency and enhance other radio performance parameters while reducing user and operator costs. The above LTE requirements would be fulfilled by the use of new multiple access schemes on the air interface: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) in downlink and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) in uplink. Furthermore, Multiple-Input and Multiple Output(MIMO) antenna schemes are used to achieve higher bit-rates. The first section of the article present s the evolution of the 3GPP-LTE, while the second section lists the physical performance targets as defined by the standards. The section that follows presents the technical building blocks and the architecture of the LTE system. The article concludes by discussing the economic target defined by the standards and the current status of the LTE system. Introduction: The large-scale deployment of the Wide-band Code Division Multiplexing (W-CDMA) or the 3G technology across the globe prompted the 3GPP to take steps towards the evolution of the 3G air interface. The High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) was introduced in 3GPP Release 5[1] to increase the performance of the downlink while High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) was introduced in 3GPP Release 6[2] to enhance the uplink data rates. HSPA+(High-Speed Packet Access Plus) is being introduced in release 7[3] to enhance performance of HSPA based radio networks in terms of spectrum efficiency, peak data rate and latency, and exploit the full potential of WCDMA. The characteristics of HSPA+ such as the use of the downlink MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), higher order modulation for uplink and downlink, improvements of layer 2 protocols, continuous packet connectivity and enhanced uplink meet immediate and mid-term needs of the end-users. However the operator and end-users expectatio ns are growing rapidly and alternative competitive access technologies are emerging continuously. To ensure long-term competitiveness of 3G technology, the 3GPP included the â€Å"Evolved UTRA and UTRAN â€Å"work item in 2004[3][4]. The aim of the work item is to investigate the means of achieving enhanced service provisioning by improving data rates, capacity, spectrum-efficiency, and latency thereby providing optimum support for packet-switched services[5][6]. Physical air-interface Performance Requirements of the 3GPP Long –term Evolution [LTE]: The requirements for the design of the 3GPP LTE system is prescribed in the 3GPP specification 3GPP TR 25.913[3] and is summarized as follows: Providing significantly higher data rates compared to the existing technology such as the HSDPA and enhanced uplink, with target peak data rates up to 100 Mb/s for the downlink and up to 50 Mb/s for the uplink. The capability to provide three to four times higher average throughput and two to three times higher cell-edge throughput when compared to systems based on HSDPA and enhanced uplink as standardized in 3GPP Release 6. Increased spectral efficiency upto four-folds compared to 3G technology. Improved architecture and signalling to significantly reduce control and user plane latency, with a target of less than 10 ms user plane RAN round-trip time (RTT) and less than 100 ms channel setup delay. Support scalable bandwidths of 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz and including bandwidths smaller than 5 MHz for more flexibility. In order to protect the investments already made by the operators, updates and modifications to the existing radio network architecture is being proposed. This involves a smooth migration into other frequency bands, including those currently used for second-generation (2G) cellular technologies such as GSM and IS-95. Support for operation in paired (Frequency Division Duplex / FDD mode) and unpaired spectrum (Time Division Duplex / TDD mode) is possible. Support for end-to-end Quality of Service Support for inter-working between the existing UTRAN/GERAN and other non-3GPP systems. The handover delay between them to be less than 300 milliseconds for real-time services and less than 500 milliseconds for non-real-time services. An enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service(E-MBMS) shall be supported. Reduced capital and operational expense shall be ensured. Optimized support for low mobile speeds (0-10 mph) as well as support for high mobile speeds (10 -30 mph). LTE System Building blocks: The following technological building blocks enable to meet the LTE system requirements as prescribed by the 3GPP: Radio Interface Technology: In order to meet the requirements of higher data rates, a new radio transmission technology called the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been selected for the downlink and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for the uplink. In an OFDM system, the available spectrum is divided into multiple carriers, called sub-carriers, which are orthogonal to each other. Each of these sub-carriers is independently modulated by a low rate data stream. Different bandwidths are realized by varying the number of subcarriers used for transmission, while the subcarrier spacing remains unchanged. In this way operation in spectrum allocations of 1.25, 2.5, 5,10, 15, and 20 MHz is supported. OFDM enables transmission adaptation in frequency domain in E-UTRA. OFDM has several benefits including its robustness against multipath fading and its efficient receiver architecture. It is used in WLAN, WiMAX and broadcast technologies. In order to achieve higher throughputs and increased spectral efficiency so as to meet the coverage, capacity and data rate requirements, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna solutions are used by the LTE systems. MIMO refers to the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver side. MIMO beamforming could be used to increase coverage and/or capacity, and spatial multiplexing, sometimes referred to as MIMO, can be used to increase data rates by transmitting multiple parallel streams to a single user[7]. In order to meet the improved latency requirement, it was required to reduce the number of network nodes involved in data processing and transport. A flatter architecture[8] as prescribed by the standards would lead to improved latency and transmission delay. Figure below depicts a simplified LTE system architecture and it consist of two types of network nodes one at user plane and the other at the control plane. Evolved NodeB(eNodeB): It is the enhanced BTS that provides the LTE air interface and performs radio resource management for the enhanced LTE radio interface Access Gateway(AGW): It provides the termination of LTE bearer and acts as the mobility anchor point and packet date network gateway for user plane. SAE is a study within 3GPP targeting at the evolution of the overall system architecture. The focus of this work is on the packet-switched domain with the assumption that voice services are supported in this domain. This study envisions of an all-IP network [8] and the support of heterogeneous access networks in terms of mobility and service continuity[9]. LTE Economic Targets Benefits to Operators and End-users: Performance and capacity of LTE systems as discussed in the earlier sections shall facilitate the provisioning of high-quality multimedia-rich applications. While the users are catered with innovative services, the operators generate revenue from alternate avenues other than from voice. Avoidance of complicated architectures and unnecessary interfaces, reuse of existing system and spectrum, efficient operations and management along with the optimized performance by the radio technologies yield an overall reduction cost per bit. This benefit the end-users to access services at a low cost and operators benefit from low OPEX and CAPEX. Current Status and Future of LTE: For LTE that offers high-performance radio interface, it requires a high-performance core network inorder to experience commercial success. Impact on the overall network architecture including the core network is being investigated in the context of 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE). It aims at optimizing the core network for packet-switched services and including the IP multimedia subsystem that supports all access technologies. The combined evolution of LTE and SAE forms the basis for the 3GPP release-8. As of today[3GPP website], 3GPP has approved to freeze the functional requirements of LTE as well as SAE as part of release-8.[10] There is proof of substantial industrial commitment towards LTE deployment in form of contributions and intellectual inputs to the 3GPP LTE specification groups. Also, many recent press announcements from vendors and operators indicate the same[11]. References [1] 3GPP TS25.855, â€Å"High Speed Downlink Packet Access;Overall UTRAN Description†, version 5.0.0. [2] 3GPP TS25.999,†High Speed Packet Access Evolution, Frequency Division Duplex†, version 6.1.0 [3] 3GPP TS 25.913; Requirements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN(Release 7) [4] 3GPP, RP-040461, †Proposed Study Item on Evolved UTRA and UTRANâ€Å", www.3gpp.org. [5] H. Ekstrà ¶m et al., â€Å"Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-term Evolution†, IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2006. [6] E. Dahlman et al. â€Å"The 3G Long-Term Evolution – Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation†, Proceedings of the VTC 2006 Spring. [7] http://www.3g4g.co.uk/Lte/Tutorials/RandS_WP_LTE.pdf [8] 3GPP TS 22.978; All-IP Network (AIPN) feasibility study (Release 7) [9] 3GPP TS 23.882;† 3GPP system architecture evolution (SAE): Report on technical options  and conclusions†, Release 7.1.9 [10] 3GPP TS 36.201;† Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer; General description†, Release 8.0.1 [11] http://www.etsi.org/WebSite/document/Barcelona_2008.pdf [12] http://www.ericsson.com/technology/whitepapers/lte_overview.pdf

Draculas Death in Bran Strokers Novel Dracula Essay examples -- Drac

Dracula's Death in Bram Stroker's Novel Dracula In Bram Stroker's infamous novel, Dracula, he tries to explain the life of the undead, then continues to explain how to kill these creatures of the night. We find out that you must stab a vampire in the heart with a wooden stake, and then slash off their head. This is the only way that we are led to believe that you may be able to kill these undead. We learn this through Stoker's vampire expert Van Helsing, he seems to be the most educated on the subject of the undead and creatures of the night, otherwise known as vampires. He explains to the rest of the posse, which consists of; Harker, Quincy, Dr. Seaward, and the Van Helsing, on how this feat must be done. But later, in one of the most mysterious parts of the novel, Dracula's "death", you are supposed to see another way to kill a creature if the night. Did Stoker make a mistake, or was this intentional? Due to these details I believe that Dracula merely shape shifted his way out of this predicament. This elite group is now s earching to destroy Dracula. They first start with ...

As I Lay Dying Essay -- Literary Analysis, William Faulkner

William Faulkner’s portrayal of women, Addie Bundren specifically, in As I Lay Dying presents an interesting look into the gender politics of the south in the 1930s. Addie lies at the heart of the novel; yet despite being the heart, her presence for most of the story is as a corpse. Faulkner only gives her one chapter to explain herself; and it is her desire to be buried in Jefferson that sets in motion everything that happens in the novel. There is a profound tension at work between words and Truth her chapter: Addie ascribes no value to words, they are nothing more than dead sounds. And despite her claim that words are â€Å"quick and harmless†, she is tricked by them, and relies on them to take her revenge on Anse. While the word â€Å"sin† means nothing to Addie, she is nevertheless consumed by the idea of Sin. The fundamental problem for the reader is how to decipher a chapter of words when Addie says they are empty shapes. Addie’s nihilistic approach to language reveals her attempt to escape her subjugation as a woman: as a â€Å"woman†, Addie cannot help but fall into the traps of â€Å"wife† and â€Å"mother†, and their associated duities. Addie’s chapter placement complicates the novel, as it is placed after she dies; Faulkner does not make it clear whether he is presenting her voice from beyond the grave or if this is supposed to have taken place sometime in the past. From the very beginning of the chapter, Addie shows a darkness in her heart that the reader has not seen before. She hates children (169). She hates her father for bringing her into the world; and telling her that the â€Å"reason for living [is] to get ready to stay dead a long time† (169). She doesn’t appear to take any pleasure in living, except when she punishes her st... ...idelity; she â€Å"merely took the precautions that he thought necessary for his sake, not for [her] safety, but just as [she] wore clothes in the world’s face† (175). She continues her rebellion in her treatment of Jewel: rather than treating Jewel worse because he is a constant reminder of his sin, he is her favorite child, believing that he will save her from the water and the fire (168)—which Jewel does in turn; he rescues her body from the river, and single handedly carries her body from Gillespie’s burning barn. She identifies Jewel as her savior because he is the symbol of her rebellion. Addie’s carries out her final, and most damning act of revenge, by making Anse promise to take her body to Jefferson. This request places Addie’s dead family explicitly above Anse and her children, and she knows that Anse will carry it out because he is bound by his word.

Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop :: Free Essays Online

Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop Charles Dickens 1841 novel The Old Curiosity Shop, entering its third century, mesmerizes readers with either heartfelt sentimentality to the plight of a homeless thirteen year-old girl, Nell Trent, and her aged Grandfather, as they wander the countryside of England, keeping one step ahead of their horrible dwarf nemesis, Daniel Quilp; or as a "crude sentimental" (Harris 137) journey down the path of individual weakness that lead to the death of them both. In Dickens day, a curiosity shop was an establishment where individuals would go to purchase precious or antique gifts, and it is in one of these shops that thirteen year-old Nell lived with her Grandfather. A short summary of the story is that the Grandfather has an addictive gambling problem, and gambles the money needed to run the shop away, all the while borrowing money from Daniel Quilp, a nasty goblin type figure of a man. The losses amount to the shop being taken over by Quilp, leaving Nell and the Grandfather fleeing to avoid him. They wander the English countryside amongst the throng of carnivals, sideshows, philanthropic souls who try to help them, and downtrodden people who try to exploit them. Their deaths, Nell’s especially, whose Dickens wrote of in a lingering, sentimental tone, are where the discussion of the book has been centered on for over a century-and-a-half. The Old Curiosity Shop began as a series of short stories in a publication Dickens created in 1840 called Master Humphrey’s Clock. With a weekly circulation of over 70,000 readers, Dickens was able to finance the work of The Old Curiosity Shop with the income made from Master Humphrey’s Clock. Emotionally, working under a strenuous monthly deadline proved to be straining on Dickens. In July of 1840, Dickens was telling his friend Lord Jeffrey, editor of The Edinbergh Review, that The Old Curiosity Shop "demands my constant attention" (Page 22,23), and by December of that year Dickens seemed to be on the edge of a mental collapse, telling Lord Jeffrey that the "anguish" of writing under the pressure was "unspeakable, the difficulty tremendous" (Page 30). The story was completed in early 1841 and Dickens began the painstaking steps in putting the short stories into a complete novel. One of the immediate obstacles Dickens encountered (actually his printers, Dickens was busy completing his next novel, Barnaby) was marrying the chapters together in proper sequence.

Adopting Children by Same Sex Parent Essay

People in society say that everyone is equal, they have equal right and freedom. However in case of adopting children, people believe that same sex parents are abnormal to adopting children. Some people in society against them to adopting but there are many same sex couples who are seeking to adopt children. The researcher of homosexuality found that many people still do not reveal their sexual orientation to others. Also, same sex couples are not acceptable from some people in society, according to www. gay-adoption. s. On the contrast, some people believe that same sex adoption is normal and it should be acceptable, according to the right human campaign, a national gay and lesbian advocacy group. Although there are many people against same sex couple to adopting children, same sex couples should be allowed to adopt children because they have equal rights and they can be good parents for a child who lacks love and home. Moreover, children in the United State of America and many countries around the world are waiting for adoption. There are about 520,000 children in welfare, according to the North American Council on Adoptable Children in St. Paul. In addition there have 120,000 are available for adoption, but only 50,000 find permanent homes each year. However, although same sex couples want to adopt children, they are against by heterosexual parents for several reasons including it is unnatural to allowed same sex to be a parent, same sex parents cannot give stability to children and most people believed that only heterosexual parents can be good parents. Firstly, it is unnatural to allow homosexual couples to be a parent. They cannot be good parents. Also, it is not safe for children to live with same sex parents. The best environment for well-being of children is a household with a mother and father because children should have a role model. Adopting by same sex parents can effects to children. For instance, children who is raised in a homosexual household are significantly more likely to be homosexual themselves because they have only one role model in one gender, and get involved in homosexual behavior than children raised in heterosexual households, according to a research in the US (University of Illinois Law Review, 1997). In a study published in the January 1996 issue of Developmental Psychology, London researchers Susan Golombok and Fiona Tasker found that it danger for children that live with same sex parents. However, the sexual orientation of parents has no influence on the sexual orientation of their children and that children of lesbian and same sex parents are not more likely than any other children to grow up to be homosexual, according to Children of gay fathers, Gay and Lesbian Parents (p. 9-57) In addition, children can manage their life to be what they want to be by themselves, however they are raised by homosexual parents but it is not determine that they may have the same behavior as their same sex parents. Moreover, same sex parents can give a responsibility and love to children as well as a heterosexual because they are a human who can teach and give love to a child. As such, it would be wrong to deny same sex parents to adopt children. Also, good parenting is not controlled by sexual orientation, same sex parents can support children and give love to them that show they can be a good parent same as a heterosexual. Secondly, the reason why people believe same sex parents should not be allowed to adopt is stability, so it is important in raising an emotionally and mentally healthy child. The way to children grow up happily may need a role model, so children need a role model of both genders that are male and female in order to develop a properly. If children raise in homosexual household, it influence to children will lacks information of other gender. Children’s primary role models are his or her parents that cause bringing a heterosexual up in a homosexual household can gives children a misrepresented view of sexuality. Homosexual couples simply cannot give the stability that heterosexual parents can give to children. Although most people believe that bringing a heterosexual child up by same sex parents give them a distorted view of sexuality, some babies are born with a predisposition to homosexuality and their upbringing will not affect their sexuality. Almost of homosexuals couples do not want to force children to be homosexual like them. According to Major associations of mental health professionals in the United stated of America, same sex parents are not an unfit and capable as heterosexual parents that they lead children are as happily, healthy and well adjusted as a child who is raised by heterosexual parents. In addition, a studies shows that children raised by single heterosexual parents have more difficulties than children who have same sex parents. Moreover the study shows that children did better in moderation, self-esteem, and had less psychosocial difficulties at home and at school, according to the study of Same-Sex Parents Raise Well-Adjusted Kids. The last reason is widely agreed that only heterosexual parents can be a good parent and they are appropriate to give love, warm, and home to children. Children should have opportunities to thrive in heterosexual parents with a mother and father based family. Heterosexual parents are the best because a child should be raised in loving, well-disciplined homes where children have good role models from their heterosexual parents, also avoiding children grow up to be a homosexual, according to study of gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents. In addition, avoiding from criminal because homosexuals are more likely to molest children, such as rape them. It is danger to children’s life and causes many troubles to society. However, there are about 500,000 children in welfare nationally in the United state and about 100,000 children need to be adopted. So it is shows thousands of children lacks a permanent home and lacks love from parents, according to the statistics of the study of critical shortage of adoptive and foster parents in the United States. If they are only allowed heterosexual parents in adoption, the child who lives in foster care will lacks family and as in Florida more than 2,000 children in welfare are waiting for adoption according to the state of Florida’s statistics. In addition, there are not enough heterosexual parents who are interested in adoption and foster care. There are some arguments of adopting children by same sex parents because most people feel that only traditional homes with a father and a mother are appropriate and have equal right as heterosexual parents to adopt children, according to issue about facts on gay adoption. However, society is change that leads everyone has equal rights. Therefore same sex parents are human being who should be allowed to adopt children. All people should have equal rights because the child in same sex family appear to be normal, and also same sex parents are not appear to harm child, according to Homosexuality and Family Relations. If homosexual parents can support their children, same sex couples can be as good parents as heterosexual parents. As such, same sex parents are the same as other people who can support children, such as, they give love to children, pay taxes, go to work. It shows that being homosexual is not a mental disorder. In addition, nowadays there are thousands children have no permanent homes, and they are waiting for adoption. It is shows that same sex parents are one of those who help children to have love and home. Therefore, people should not determine only about sexuality of those who want to adopt children. As Mary Bonauto of Boston-based same sex couples Avocates and defenders said that, â€Å" Sexual orientation is not the issue, ability of parent is issue. †

Pop Music

The themes of pop music also help to characterize this genre of USIA. Typically, pop music centers on themes such as love and relationships. For example, â€Å"Am I Wrong† by â€Å"Nice & Vine† is a pop song that explains a longing for a relationship he thought was more than it was. This theme is so popular because everyone can relate to it. At a point in every persons life, they will experience love; those who have not experienced it, long for it, and thus relate to the theme of love as well. 3. What is disco? What are the characteristics of this music? I.Developed in 1 970, disco began outside of mainstream America, but t ended up crossing over into mainstream pop music. Mixing â€Å"soaring† vocals with a beat that encouraged dancing, disco became the dance music of the decade. The music often had 100 to 130 beats per minute (a relatively fast tempo) and the pulse of the rhythm was often emphasized. 4. What was the British Invasion? Which famous group was a pa rt of this movement? What impact did the group have on pop music? In the 1 9605, some of these British groups became influential in North America as well.The biggest group of the British Invasion was, of course, the Beetles. While the Beetles sometimes sang about social issues, they also had songs with catchy lyrics and melodies. This would be the centerpiece of pop music through the next several decades. 5. What is a boy band? What are some characteristics off boy band? I. Boy bands, such as New Kids on the Block, Boozy II Men, Backstreet Boys, and ‘N Sync, featured between three and six young adult males who typically sang, but did not play instruments. Critical Thinking Questions 1 .Some of the music in the 1 sass was used to protest social and political issues. Is music still used as a form of protest? Why or why not? I. Music is used, and will always be used, as a form of speech. It gets ideas and concepts out to the public in an appealing, and passionate way. However, it is less politically influenced nowadays. I believe this is because the public shows much more interest in love songs rather than politics; therefore, music composers aim to please the public. 2. One of the changes in the music industry during the twentieth century was the increasing centralization of music.Has music become too commercial? Why or why not? Do you think that artists are creating music for money or for other reasons today? I. Although big stars make a significant amount of money, all pantomimic artists are financially struggling. It is such a rough patch to make it to fame that if that artist is in it for the money, they will never make it in order to endure the hard times, they must really love what they do. Music has become highly commercialese, but will continue to evolve just like everything else. 3. How has technology impacted pop music?Describe at least three genealogical changes that impacted and shaped pop music today or in the past. I. The Beat Machine elimina tes the need for a real drummer. The internet allows for promotion and exposure that was not possible before. Finally, music videos are now a â€Å"must† when it comes to pop music. It increases the need for â€Å"the look† of the artist. 4. Pop music has often been seen as youth music. Why do you think pop music appeals to younger individuals? How has the industry promoted this idea? I. Pop music appeals to you anger generations because it is upbeat and easy to dance to. Pop Music ? The Center for Popular Music For information on specific research collections: Sheet music and Broadsides Rare books Sound recordings Periodicals Reading room collection Archives Music Trade Catalogs Posters Playbills and Programs Photographs Background: The Center's collection documents the diversity of American music. We take as our starting point the European and African origins of American culture, selecting items which document the music of our national vernacular culture. From the 18th to early 20th century music was disseminated largely in printed form: sheet music, songsters, broadsides, instrumental instruction books and song anthologies. After 1920 recorded sound gained dominance. The Center's collection reflects this change in the commodification of music. The Center recognizes the interplay between musical styles in American culture by providing study-level collections in all genres. Rather than duplicating the collection depth in specialized archives, the Center strives to support local research needs in all genres while providing research-level collections in specific areas: rock & roll and its roots, the various forms of vernacular religious music, and music of Tennessee and the Southeast. The key element supporting the study of rock is a sound recordings collection strong in blues, rhythm and blues, early rock, mainstream rock from the 1960s to the present, and alternative rock. The Center also has extensive holdings of rock periodicals as well as biographical, historical and critical books. Research in vernacular religious music is supported through a collection of approximately 2600 scores, including southern gospel songbooks, 19th century oblong songbooks, New England hymnody, shape note music, Sunday school songs, Negro spirituals, African-American gospel and denominational hymnals. Our collection of southern gospel songbooks is thought to be the largest institutional collection held by a non-religious repository. The Center's sound recording collections is also deep in various African-American traditions, contemporary Christian music and southern gospel. In addition to commercial issues, the Center has approximately 100 hours of original field recordings of African-American religious music. The Center's collection of Tennessee and southeastern materials recognizes that Tennessee provides a marvelous laboratory in which to study popular music. Ragtime, jazz, blues, Anglo- and African-American folk music, country, gospel and rock have all flourished within Tennessee. The music business of Tennessee has long been an important segment of Tennessee's economy. In addition to Nashville, the cities of Memphis, Knoxville, Bristol, Chattanooga, Cleveland and Lawrenceburg have played significant roles in music publishing, broadcasting and recording. The Center's collection documents these business activities as well as musical ones.

Culture and Care Value Base Essay

In this assignment I am going to examine and explain my own personal values and principles influence my own work in professional practice. I will compare my principles and values with the Northern Ireland Social Care Council codes of practice and the Care Value Base. The NISCC and the Care Value Base have many similar codes of practice which all health and social care practitioners should adhere by and work with. The values I feel that are relevant within my experience of healthcare and within my current placement are confidentiality, dignity and respect, effective communication, anti-discriminatory practice and culture and beliefs. In researching NISCC codes of practice and the Care Value Base, I have found that their values are also similar to my own values within my care practice. The first value I am going to discuss is confidentiality. According to the Care Value Base maintaining confidentiality of information is an important part of caring. Any information clients give is private and confidential. Individuals need to be aware of what they say to other carers and clients and also who have access to client files. Previously undergoing work experience in the stroke ward I found that all patients’ medical information is on a clipboard on the front of their bed, anyone could read this information, I feel the patient’s confidentiality is  being breached. During my work placement at Ceara School, I observed that each pupil has individual care folders within school; these are kept in a secure filling cabinet and only the members of staff who are looking after a particular pupil is allowed access, I feel this is very good practice to uphold confidentiality. Within my placement I feel my values would be similar to the Care Value base, if a service user informed me of private information I would keep it to myself to build trust and confidence unless the individual or others were at harm. The second value that I feel is most important and relevant to my experience and work placement is effective communication. According to NISCC, one of their codes of practice is to communication in an appropriate, open, accurate and straightforward way. Within my work placement you have to have recognition and respect of the pupil’s opinions and ideas so they gain confidence within you and be more comfortable to talk. You also have to talk respectfully and use a lot of humor and creativity to keep them interested. On a regular basis there are group conversations and also one to one conversations, simple language is used that is easily understood and additionally open questions are applied to develop the conversation. With having previous work experience in Craigavon Area Hospital I have learnt the importance of communication. Many doctors used jargonistic terms, which can be very hard for patients to understand, I consider this to be ineffective communication. I feel my values are comparable to those of the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I think that my value of communication within my work placement will come across positively. While in placement I make the speaker feel heard and understood, I make sure to create an environment where pupils feel safe to express ideas opinions and feelings. I keep suitable eye contact and show interest in what is being said and sure my posture is open and inviting. The Care Value Base deems that it is important to acknowledge an individuals personal beliefs and identity. The NISCC feel that respective diversity and different cultures and values are very significant and can have extensive affects on a persons care. I went to an integrated secondary school with many cultures and religions. I took part in a multi-cultural day in school, I got to see other communities and cultures and what they believed in, this widened my views and changed my opinions of different religions. While in Craigavon Area Hospital completing work experience I learned that meals and meal times were very important in some religions and culture. Some individuals were vegetarian; I had to be very respectable of their culture and identity. They were supplied with a different menu with different foods that they could choose this promotes the right of choice and independence. Before my work placement commenced I hoped that the employees and pupils had the same value as myself in consideration of different cultures and are open to express their beliefs and identity and be proud of who they are. My next value is extremely important in my care practice and that is upheld by NISCC and the Care Value Base is anti-discriminatory practice. Anti-discriminatory practice is action to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, gender and disability. Anti-discriminatory practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discriminatory policies in different situations of work. http://uk.ask.com/question/what-is-the-definition-of-anti-discriminatory-practice The Care Value Base describes one of their values by promoting anti-discriminatory practice and to protect the individual from abuse. There are many pieces of legislation that are in place to protect individuals from discrimination including the Disability Act 1995, Human Rights Act,  Equality Act 2010 and the Children (Northern Ireland) Order 1995. In my work placement I will work in an anti-discriminatory way, I will not discriminate or judge the service users on their gender, race, class or disability. I believe everyone is different and we all have rights set in place to prevent us from being discriminated against. While undertaking work experience in Craigavon Area Hospital, disabled individuals were protected from discriminatory practice, there were lifts and ramps so all wheel chairs could access the building. There were wide and automatic doors so wheel chairs could get through them with no difficulty, although I feel this is very good practice there was also bad practice within the hospital. I consider individuals with different religions and languages were discriminated against. There were no interpreters for different languages therefore the patients didn’t know what had happened or what was about to happen. I feel my values hinder those of the Care Value Base and I imagine my values will come across positively within my work placement. I feel my personal culture and experience has influenced me in many different ways in supporting users of services and others in health and social care settings. My parents have taught me from a young age to say please and thank you and to be respectful to others. I have grown up knowing these simple values and therefore it has influenced me to show dignity and respect to all service users. Although I am of a Catholic background and practice the Catholic faith, I went to an integrated primary school and secondary school with many different religions and cultures. I now have an understanding of other cultures within health and socials care settings and I am able to accept other religions and their beliefs. I believe this have had a positive influence on my personal culture and experience. When I was in primary school, I met my best friend, he was homosexual. My parents were quite weary of this as they didn’t like the way he dressed and  acted. They came to the terms of his sexual orientation and accepted him; because I have had the privilege of meeting him it has allowed me to open my eyes to all sexual ordinations. When working and supporting users of health and social care service I wouldn’t mind what sexual ordination the service user was, I would not discriminate against them. I would promote and uphold my values to protect them from harm. From experience I know many people have been discriminated on because of their gender. Some individuals will not be chosen for a particular job because they are male/female. Service users are also judged on their sexual ordinations, recently in the news according to Poots, Northern Irelands Health Minister he said that all gay men are not allowed to give blood. I feel this sexual ordination is being discriminated against, it is very bad practice and defeats the purpose of legislation created to protect individuals from this happening. I will promote and uphold my values to protect individuals from being discriminated against. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-15014823 I think a pedophile and a murder would cause a barrier in the care setting I am working in. I have grown up knowing that they are bad from family, friends and the media. This may affect and hinder my work but as I am now aware of this negative point I need to work on this barrier. I can not make an assumption until I work and understand them, until then, I will try not to judge this group. New developments and changes to personal values can have a major impact on working in the Health and Social Care sector. Firstly a new development of mine is starting a new course; I have met new people and got to know them. Working in different practices can impact work in a care setting, partnership can be developed and new skills can be gained. I have started a new placement in Ceara School, I am very excited to see if it is the right area of health and social care I want to do further studying in. I feel this experience can be very education and rewarding. This experience will help me in my future and will give me a good start. I can now see that it is the first time I have looking at my values thoroughly and reflected on them, I  will challenge my values to become a better professional. I feel guest speakers were a new development of mine, they give me an insight into their organisation, and they also give me information on how I could get work experience. New developments and changes to my personal values can benefit the service user. I could reflect more in action rather than later, use communication more effectively and user my initiative in different situations. To conclude I believe that personal values is very significant in influencing my own work in the health and social care sector. I have found that my values are similar to the values of the Care Value Base and the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I have found that there is legislation to protect individuals from unconfidentiality and anti-discriminatory practice also to promote dignity and respect, effective communication and culture and beliefs. I have also explored my new developments and what changes I could make to my personal values to create more effective and efficient care.

Bsh White Goods Industry

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE [pic] MARKETING MANAGEMENT Elif Karaosmanoglu Assignment 1 SEGMENTATION AND POSITIONING WHITE GOODS INDUSTRY Submitted by: OSMAN OZEN 401111024 Table of Contents 1White Goods Industry3 2Brands in White Goods Industry3 3Marketing Objectives3 4The Brands of BSH3 5Segmentation & Targeting & Positioning3 5. 1Segmentation3 5. 2Target Market3 5. 3Positioning3 5. 3. 1BOSCH3 5. 3. 2SIEMENS3 5. 3. 3GAGGENAU3 5. 3. 4PROFILO3 6References3 White Goods Industry The home appliances sector showed a strong recovery in 2010. Driven by increasing consumer confidence and the recovery of real estate construction, the market for large domestic appliances grew by 8% bringing the market to a total of 5. 4 million appliances. All major appliance categories with the exception of the solo cookers showed a significant growth. Refrigerator sales increased by 11%, dishwashers sales grew by 7% and washing machine sales increased by 8%. Oven sales was the only category which declined by 4%. Driers, which is a new growth area, increased by 19%. Large home appliances, produced in Turkey, managed to increase by 12% year-on-year reaching 18. million units. Roughly 75%, 13. 7 million units, were exported, which reflects an increase of 9% year-on year. With this volume Turkey became the biggest white goods appliances producing country in Europe. [1] Brands in White Goods Industry The leader of white goods industry in Turkey is Arcelik and its main competitor is BSH (Bosch and Siemens Home Appliances). BSH is the second comp any in Turkey’s white goods industry. The others are followers. Bosch and Siemens Home Appliances Group is the world's third largest producer of large domestic home appliances. The group owns 14 brands and operates 43 factories worldwide, with its largest production facility being in Cerkezkoy, Turkey. The group posted annual sales of 10. 8 billion Euros in 2010, establishing itself as the leading home appliances company in Europe. In Turkey, BSH is one of the leading companies in the Home Appliances industry, with its main brands Bosch and Siemens, its special brand Gaggenau and local brand Profilo. BSH is the second largest company in its industry with 25% market share. Due to its rapid sales and investment growth, BSH is ranked the 7th largest foreign company in Turkey. It operates 4 factories producing refrigerators, cookers, washers and dishwashers with a production capacity of more than 3. 5 million units. More than half of its annual production is exported to countries around the world, mainly in Europe, North America, and Australia. †¢ 7th largest foreign company †¢ 2nd largest producer of white goods, with 25% market share †¢ 23rd largest industrial company †¢ Offers the best After Sales Service in the Home Appliances Sector †¢ Leader in the â€Å"built-in† appliances category †¢ Biggest production location within the BSH Group †¢ Offers Europe's top selling premium brands I will investigate BSH’s four brands in this assignment. I will analyze STP of BSH’s brands. Marketing Objectives BSH envision to be â€Å"the first choice† of their customers, dealers, suppliers and employees—that is the basis of their strategy. They employ this philosophy to improve the lives of their customers, by creating new product values, sustaining uncompromised. The white goods industry in Turkey has been facing some tough times in the past few years. The housing developments in Turkey had been progressing quite reliably, however because of the global financial crisis the growth in construction sector stopped. In addition, energy and water savings are becoming major factors for consumers in deciding which appliance to buy. With lifestyle changes and the way homes are being designed, they are convinced that the built-in appliances will receive much more attention in the next years. Although it is expected that housing demand will decrease, as the second objective in the years ahead, they will continue to develop products that bring elegance, comfort and ease of use, while contributing towards the conservation of resources and protecting their environment. Their main objective is to look forward to growing stronger, moving towards achieving their vision to be â€Å"the first choice† together with their customers, dealers, suppliers and employees. The Brands of BSH For BSH, one of the principal factors for success is the presence of strong brands that are clearly focused on their target groups and presenting a coherently structured product portfolio. 1 BOSCH For them, their brands form the most important ingredient to win in the global arena. They represent a pivotal symbol of trust and sense of purpose for the consumer. Over 100 years later, Bosch continues to stand by its founder’s words. The Bosch name has always meant a guarantee of both quality and reliability. Bosch remains committed to uncompromising performance and great design to be built into every single appliance they produce. Every time Bosch designs a new product, its ideas are based on sound ecological principles, ensuring they make the most economic use of natural resources and minimize the pollution of air, land and water. They are constantly developing new ways to reduce energy and water usage while maintaining product performance and efficiency, helping to conserve their planet and save you money by lowering costs. Bosch stands for premium quality, perfect engineering and high longevity. The â€Å"achievement of a higher quality of life and enduring value through beneficial technological advancements† stands at the core of the brand philosophy. 2 SIEMENS Sold in more than 55 countries around the globe, Siemens stands for innovative thinking, precision engineering and pure style to millions of people worldwide. Siemens meets consumer needs with a wide range of products from washing machines to vacuum cleaners and from consumer products to television. Siemens is the â€Å"number one† appliance brand in Germany, and the leading built-in appliance brand in Turkey. For many years, consumers, dealers and architects have appreciated the technological superiority and stylish design of Siemens appliances. Siemens, the great name in technology, stands for intelligent innovations and consistent orientation toward the future, and a modern approach to the technical features and design of home appliances. Siemens has a visionary approach and use of cutting-edge technologies aimed at improved functionality, gives rise to pioneering products and solutions that allow user to perceive and experience progress in a fascinating manner. Home appliances from Siemens are characterized by clear, functional design and optimum precision. Siemens products set standards in the marketplace. They are the result of progressive ideas, a consistent system, a performance-based approach and perfection for production. 3 GAGGENAU Gaggenau is the brand of professional cooking technology for the modern home. It specializes in high-performance built-in kitchen appliances. Gaggenau’s appliances incorporate a specialist's knowledge, skill, and decades of experience. After all, the first built-in appliance manufactured and sold in Europe was a Gaggenau. Every Gaggenau appliance is perfectly made, easy to handle and extremely reliable. Each and every one is especially beautiful, and the brand regularly receives the design awards to prove this. Yet, beauty isn't the only benefit of Gaggenau. Customers love Gaggenau's versatility and professional functions as well. Gaggenau became an internationally known luxury brand after World War II. In 1951, Georg von Blanquet, a passionate amateur cook, took the reins of the company and developed the Gaggenau kitchen technology, resulting in the manufacture of top-quality built-in appliances. Gaggenau stands for innovative engineering, long lasting materials, clear form, good handling, sustainable workmanship, and sets recognizable standards in the fields of food, lifestyle and culture. 4 PROFILO Profilo has blended the international know how and experience with the local lifestyle preferences in Turkey. Profilo is one of the oldest leading traditional brands in Turkey. The brand is highly preferred by customers who place durability and quality above all else. Profilo branded appliances are designed according to the unique needs and habits of Turkish consumers. The brand's success in meeting expectations comes from its careful examination of local market needs and sensitivities. This thorough consideration of the consumer has ensured the brands' longevity. It is known as a provider of long-lasting, durable and user-friendly home appliances, with a wide range of products and functionalities. 1] Segmentation & Targeting & Positioning 1 Segmentation BSH pursues demographic segmentation ( economic), psychographic segmentation (lifestyle), and behavioral segmentation ( benefit sought ). 2 Target Market According to the segmentation of the market the target groups of BSH are as the following: Siemens: Young and energetic, modern people who are seeking for high quality and performance, from middle and upper socio economic classes. Gaggenau: Sophisticated and modern people from upper socio economic class who are seeking for premium and excellent products. Bosch: People who are seeking for uncompromising performance and great design, from middle and upper socio economic classes. Profilo: People prefer to have the best value for the money, from lower and middle socio economic classes. 3 Positioning The values and specialties that BSH wants to place with its brands in consumers’ minds are as follows: 1 BOSCH Quality: Bosch products fulfill the highest demands in performance and offer maximum operating convenience. The premium quality is tangible in the superiority of the materials and visible in the product finishing. Technical expertise: Bosch offers fully rounded solutions oriented towards people’s needs and maximum user benefits that create greater quality of life. Quality of life: Bosch products make daily family life and chores easier and more enjoyable. They free up more time for the finer things in life, creating the balance for harmonious togetherness. Responsibility: Bosch acts on the basis of clear principles. Responsibility for people, society and the environment are important guiding principles for Bosch and therefore these are the driving forces behind the continuous development of products and services. It has always been an unbearable thought to me that someone could inspect one of my products and find it inferior in some way. For that reason I have consistently tried to produce products which can withstand the closest scrutiny – products which prove to be superior in every respect. † Robert Bosch [2] 2 SIEMENS Fascination: Siemens constantly takes up technologic al challenges and is fascinated with developing futuristic products, solutions and services. Expressiveness: Siemens develops products for the modern and dynamic society. It stands for concise and pure design. The brand offers styling that is sure of itself, emphasizing the individual expression of confident personalities. Performance: Siemens products set the standards in the marketplace. They are the result of progressive ideas, intensive development and perfect execution. 3 GAGGENAU Professionalism: Gaggenau appliances are often particularly large and impressive. They are designed for performance with generous capacities. Leadership: Gaggenau is true to tradition, combining simplicity with utmost quality and reliability. Gaggenau solutions go beyond narrow, constraining standards, impressive in their dimensions and convincing in their daring simplicity. Passion: Gaggenau makes good sense, knowing the uses and limitations of technology, reducing systems to essentials with composed mastery. It shares the dream of the perfect kitchen, in preparation and culinary delights. Excellence in Design: The professional kitchen provides lots of space. Its design is elegantly restrained and completely functional. Gaggenau's typical design is outstanding, crystal clear, and beautiful; completely self evident and truly expressive. PROFILO Durability: Profilo products are durable against all odds. Accessibility: It is a brand that is accessible to all Turkish consumers financially, physically and emotionally. The balance between quality and terms of payment is reflected visibly. Empathy: Profilo produces user friendly products responding to the basic needs of women, who are the primary user of their appliances. [1] R EFERENCES [1]   2010 Annual Report   (2010). http://www. bsh-group. com. tr/page. aspx? id=22 [2] Bosch Communication Center http://www. boschcommunicationcenter. com 3] BSH Ev Aletleri Sanayi ve Ticaret A. S http://wrightreports. ecnext. com/coms2/reportdesc_PRICE_C79628190 ———————– 2. 6 Arcelik Haier Samsung Fagor-Brandt 1. 7 White Goods Companies (2007 – billion euro) World 2. 3 Miele 2. 3 3. 1 3. 8 Indesit 3. 8 Maytag 4. 8 General Electric 7. 1 LG 7. 3 BSH 10. 1 Electrolux 11. 5 Whirlpool Europe 1. 0 LG 1. 0 Candy 1. 9 Arcelik 2. 5 Miele 2. 5 Whirlpool 2. 9 Indesit 4. 7 Electrolux 6. 1 BSH 36 % Market Share, 2007 Leader in Germany 21 % Market Share, 2007 Leader in Europe 7 % Market Share, 2007 3rd in the World